I accept the point that whenever learning

occurs, some medium or mix of media

must be present to deliver instruction.

However, if learning occurs as a

result of exposure to any media, the

learning is caused by the

instructional method embedded in

the media presentation. Method is the

inclusion of one of a number of possible

representations of a cognitive process or

strategy that is necessary for learning

but which students cannot or will not

provide for themselves.

References:

Clark, R. E. -1994. Media will never

influence learning. Educational

technology research and

development, 42(2), 21-29.

Media do not influence learning. Learning

takes place because of the instructional

methods represented in the medium

which are used, rather than medium

itself. It is the instructional methods

which influence learning.

References:

Clark, R. E. -1994. Media will never

influence learning. Educational

technology research and

development, '42(2), 21-29